Mainz, 1381: The Rabbinate in Mainz, established a cherem, for one who refuses to give his sister-in-law Chalitzah.
A woman whose husband passed away without having children, his brother must either marry her or give her Chalitzah in Beis Din. Thereafter she is free to get remarried.
It was common practice to withhold Chalitzah in order to extort money from the widow. Therefore the Rabbanim set this cherem in Place.
Source: Maharam Minz 10
𝐏𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐀𝐧𝐧𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐨𝐫 𝐁𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐡𝐝𝐚𝐲?
Present them with the gift of their heritage — their very own family tree!
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